Swachh Bharat Mission: Phases and Outcomes
TOPIC CLASSIFICATION
Subject: Governance | Topic: Sanitation and Hygiene Sub-topic: Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban & Rural), ODF, ODF+, ODF++ Prelims Focus: Launch date, targets, ODF sustainability certifications Mains Focus: Behavioural change vs infrastructure creation; SBM impact on health outcomes
EXAMINER REASONING
Swachh Bharat Mission is India's largest sanitation drive and one of the most impactful governance programmes. Prelims tests the phases (ODF→ODF+→ODF++) and targets. Mains questions often evaluate the sustainability of ODF status, the convergence with health outcomes, and the role of community participation.
Core Concept
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) was launched on October 2, 2014 (Gandhi Jayanti) to achieve a "Clean India" by 2019 (Gandhi's 150th birth anniversary). It is divided into two streams: SBM-Grameen (rural, under Ministry of Jal Shakti) and SBM-Urban (under MoHUA).
SBM-Grameen (Rural) Phases
| Phase | Period | Target | Achievements |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phase I (SBM-G 1.0) | 2014-2019 | ODF India | 100 million toilets built; declared ODF on Oct 2, 2019 |
| Phase II (SBM-G 2.0) | 2020-2025 | ODF+ / ODF++ Sustainability | Liquid waste mgmt, solid waste mgmt, plastic waste mgmt |
| Extension | 2025-26 | Continuation | Focus on sustainability parameters |
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