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Biotechnology - Genetic Engineering Applications Ethics
Comprehensive analytical note on Genetic Engineering Applications Ethics for UPSC 2025-26. Covers technological framework institutional architecture mission milestones…
Subject: Science & Technology - Security and Ethics
Sub-topic: Cybersecurity - Threats (Malware, Phishing, Ransomware, APTs, DoS/DDoS), Critical Infrastructure Protection, Cyber Attacks on India, Encryption (Symmetric, Asymmetric, End-to-End), Surveillance Laws (IT Act, 2000 - s.69, NPD, Pegasus, DPDP Act), National Cyber Security Strategy, CERT-In, NCIIPC, Botnet, Dark Web, Crypto and National Security
Mains GS Paper-III: Security - cybersecurity, encryption, surveillance, and their implications for national security and civil liberties; GS Paper-II: Governance - IT Act, data protection.
Cybersecurity is one of the most dynamic areas of national security - as India digitises rapidly, the threat surface expands exponentially. Prelims tests: CERT-In, NCIIPC, IT Act 2000 (s.66, 67, 69, 69A, 70), encryption types (symmetric, asymmetric, E2EE), cryptography basics, data encryption standard, IPR issues, Aadhaar security, VVPAT, cyber crime statistics. Mains demands: (a) the nature of cybersecurity threats - state-sponsored APTs (China-linked - APT10, APT40 - targeting strategic sectors), ransomware (WannaCry, AIIMS 2022), (b) encryption and the 'governance gap' - E2EE (WhatsApp) vs law enforcement demands - the India-US tussle over E2EE vs traceability, (c) surveillance state concerns - Pegasus (2021), IT Rules 2021 (traceability), NPDS (National Portability Database for SIMs), CCTNS, (d) data localisation...