Quantum Technologies: Communication, Computing, and Sensing
TOPIC CLASSIFICATION
Subject: Science & Tech | Topic: Emerging Technologies Sub-topic: Quantum Computing, Quantum Communication (QKD), Quantum Sensing, National Quantum Mission Prelims Focus: Qubits vs bits, quantum supremacy, QKD, National Quantum Mission (NQM) targets, MeitY vs DST roles Mains Focus: Applications in cryptography, defence, healthcare; India's preparedness; global race (US, China, EU); ethical/safety concerns
EXAMINER REASONING
Quantum technologies are a frontier area with transformative potential in computing, communication, and sensing. UPSC Prelims tests basic concepts (qubit, superposition, entanglement) and India's National Quantum Mission targets. Mains questions focus on the strategic implications (quantum-safe cryptography), economic impact, and India's position in the global quantum race.
Core Concept
Quantum technologies exploit quantum mechanical phenomena (superposition, entanglement, tunnelling) to perform tasks beyond classical capabilities.
Three Pillars of Quantum Technologies
| Pillar | Description | Applications |
|---|---|---|
| Quantum Computing | Uses qubits (0, 1, or both simultaneously) — superposition for parallel computation | Drug discovery, cryptography, optimisation, AI/ML |
| Quantum Communication | Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) — theoretically unbreakable encryption | Secure communication (defence, banking) |
| Quantum Sensing | Exploits quantum sensitivity for ultra-precise measurement | Gravimetry, navigation, medical imaging, underground mapping |