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September 1961. Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Twenty-five heads of state met under Josip Broz Tito's convening. They were the leaders of nations that had, or were achieving, independence from colonial rule. They shared a refusal: to join the American-led NATO bloc or the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact. India's Jawaharlal Nehru was the intellectual architect. Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser was the Arab voice. Yugoslavia's Tito was the host nation. Non-Alignment was born. Sixty-three years later, India has 4+ military agreements with the United States, Russian weapons systems, French Rafales, Israeli drones, and a seat in the Quad. The world has changed - the debate is whether non-alignment has evolved or ended.
[TOPIC CLASSIFICATION]
Topic type: International Relations / Foreign Policy / Modern History PYQ frequency: Medium-High. Regular in Mains GS 2; occasionally in Prelims. Exam stage relevance: Prelims + Mains Primary GS Paper: GS 2 (International Relations) and GS 1 (Post-Independence history)
[EXAMINER REASONING]