Maratha Empire: Shivaji, Administration, and Anglo-Maratha Wars

Introduction

The Maratha Empire emerged as a powerful force in 17th-18th century India, challenging Mughal supremacy and establishing a confederacy that controlled large parts of the subcontinent. Founded by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the Marathas developed a distinctive administrative system and military strategy. Their conflict with the British East India Company — the Anglo-Maratha Wars — decided the fate of colonial India.

Rise of Shivaji (1630-1680)

Early Life

• Born at Shivneri Fort (1630) to Shahaji Bhonsle and Jijabai
• Guru (mentor): Dadoji Konddeo trained him in administration and military skills
• Exposed to the ideals of Swarajya (self-rule) from childhood

Foundation of Swarajya

• 1645: Captured Torna Fort at age 15
• 1646-1655: Captured Purandar, Raigad, Chakan forts
• 1659: Killed Afzal Khan (Bijapur general) in a famous encounter at Pratapgad
• 1662-1665: Raids on Mughal territories; captured Surat (1664, 1670)
• 1665: Treaty of Purandar with Jai Singh I (lost 23 forts but retained 12)
• 1666: Visit to Agra; escaped from house arrest
• 1670-1674: Rebuilt power, recaptured lost forts, expanded territory

Coronation (1674)

• Crowned Chhatrapati at Raigad with Vedic rituals
• Officially asserted sovereignty from Bijapur and the Mughals
• Title: Chhatrapati (paramount sovereign), Shakakarta (founder of era), Dharmarakshak (protector of faith)

Military Achievements

• Guerrilla warfare (Ganimi Kava): Hit-and-run tactics, use of terrain
• Fort strategy: Controlled ~300 forts (each had military and supplies)
• Navy: Built a strong navy under Kanhoji Angre — protected coastal territories, challenged Siddis, Portuguese, British
• Administration of forts: Haqdarmao (revenue administration of captured territories)

Maratha Administration under Shivaji

Ashta Pradhan (Council of Eight Ministers)