International Organisations: IMF, World Bank, WTO, ADB, AIIB

International financial institutions shape global economic governance. IMF (surveillance, lending, SDRs), World Bank (IBRD, IDA, IFC, MIGA, ICSID), WTO (trade rules, dispute settlement, Doha Round), ADB (Asia-Pacific development, India largest borrower), AIIB (infrastructure, India 2nd largest shareholder). India's engagement: IMF quotas (2.75%), WB projects, WTO disputes (solar, IT), ADB strategy, AIIB founding member.[TOPIC CLASSIFICATION]

• Topic type: Economy - International Financial Institutions
• PYQ frequency: High
• Exam stage: Prelims + Mains
• Primary GS paper: GS 3

[EXAMINER REASONING]

1. Trap: Confusing IMF and World Bank roles. IMF = macroeconomic stability, surveillance, BOP lending. World Bank = long-term development projects, poverty reduction. Many aspirants mix their mandates.
2. Most confused: WTO dispute settlement: Appellate Body crisis (blocked by US since 2019). India's disputes: Solar Cells (lost), IT Products (won), Sugar (pending). Doha Round stalemate. Many aspirants don't know the Appellate Body paralysis.
3. Key anchor: IMF: Article IV surveillance, SDR allocation (2021, $650B), lending (EFF, ECF). World Bank: IBRD (middle income), IDA (low income), IFC (private), MIGA (guarantees), ICSID (disputes). WTO: MFN, National Treatment, DSB (Appellate Body crisis). ADB: India largest borrower. AIIB: India 2nd largest shareholder (8.52%).
4. Current affairs hook: IMF 2024 Article IV: India growth 7%, inflation 4.6%, fiscal consolidation. World Bank: India growth 6.6% FY25. WTO: Appellate Body non-functional since 2019; MC13 (2024) fisheries subsidies. ADB: India country partnership strategy. AIIB: India 2nd largest shareholder, 30+ projects. BRICS NDB: India projects.
5. Mains hinge: Assess: Are Bretton Woods institutions still relevant? The IMF quota reform (China), World Bank graduation, WTO paralysis, and the rise of new institutions (NDB, AIIB) challenge the post-WWII order. India's voice reform push is the Mains frame.

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Core Concept

IMF (1944, 190 members): Surveillance (Article IV), Lending (EFF, ECF, RFI, RCF), SDRs (2021: $650B allocation, India 2.75% quota). India: Article IV 2024 (growth 7%, inflation 4.6%, CAD 1.2%).

World Bank Group (1944): IBRD (middle income), IDA (low income, grants/concessional), IFC (private sector), MIGA (political risk guarantees), ICSID (investment disputes). India: largest IDA recipient historically; now IBRD borrower ($25B+ portfolio).

WTO (1995, 164 members): Principles - MFN, National Treatment, Transparency. Dispute Settlement Body (DSB): Appellate Body non-functional since Dec 2019 (US blocked appointments). India disputes: Solar Cells (lost, 2016), IT Products (won, 2019), Sugar (Australia/Brazil/Guatemala, pending). Doha Round stalemate. MC13 (2024, Abu Dhabi): fisheries subsidies agreement.