Indian Martial Arts: Forms and Geographical Distribution
TOPIC CLASSIFICATION
Subject: Art & Culture | Topic: Performing Arts & Physical Culture Sub-topic: Indigenous Martial Arts, Regional Styles, Recognition by Ministry Prelims Focus: Names and states of origin of major martial arts Mains Focus: Decline and revival, government schemes, cultural significance
EXAMINER REASONING
UPSC has asked about specific martial arts forms in both Prelims (match-the-pair) and Mains (essay on "Culture as identity"). The purpose is to test awareness of India's intangible cultural heritage beyond classical dance and music, and to evaluate the role of government schemes (Khelo India), GI registration, and inclusion in school curriculum.
Core Concept
Indian martial arts encompass a wide range of fighting traditions rooted in regional history, religion, and folklore. They are classified as armed (sword, staff, spear) and unarmed (grappling, strikes). Many declined under British rule (Arms Act 1878) but are witnessing revival through cultural tourism, cinema, and sports policy.
Major Indian Martial Arts by Region
| Martial Art | State/U.T. | Type | Key Feature |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kalaripayattu | Kerala | Armed + Unarmed | Oldest; animal poses; meyppayattu (body exercises) |
| Silambam | Tamil Nadu | Armed (staff) | Bamboo staff fighting |
| Thang-Ta | ... |
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