Global Commons: Antarctica, Outer Space, and Cyberspace

TOPIC CLASSIFICATION

Subject: International Relations - Global Commons - Governance
Sub-topic: Global Commons - Concept, Types (Antarctica, Outer Space, Cyberspace, High Seas, Atmosphere), Antarctica - Antarctic Treaty System (1959), Madrid Protocol (1991), CCAMLR, India's Antarctic Programme (Dakshin Gangotri, Maitri, Bharati Stations), Outer Space - Outer Space Treaty (1967), Moon Agreement (1979), Rescue Agreement, Liability Convention, Registration Convention, Artemis Accords (2020), Space Debris, Space Situational Awareness, India's Space Policy (2023), ASAT (Mission Shakti 2019), Cyberspace - Budapest Convention, UN GGE, Tallinn Manual, India's Cyber Security Strategy, Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023, Internet Governance (ICANN, IGF, Net Neutrality), Digital Divide, High Seas - UNCLOS, BBNJ (High Seas Treaty 2023), Freedom of Navigation, Marine Protected Areas
Mains GS Paper-II: International Relations - Global commons - governance, challenges, and India's approach.

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EXAMINER REASONING

Global commons are areas beyond national jurisdiction - their governance is critical for collective human future. Prelims tests: Antarctic Treaty (1959), Outer Space Treaty (1967), Artemis Accords (2020), UNCLOS (1982), Budapest Convention (2001), BBNJ Treaty (2023), India's Antarctic stations (Dakshin Gangotri - 1983, Maitri - 1989, Bharati - 2012), ASAT (Mission Shakti 2019), ITU, ICANN, IGF. Mains demands: (a) Antarctica - ATS (1959) - demilitarised, nuclear-free, peaceful...