[TOPIC CLASSIFICATION]

Topic Type: Natural Resources and Economy PYQ Frequency: High Stage: Prelims and Mains GS Paper: GS 1 and GS 3

[EXAMINER REASONING]

1. Trap: Assuming Lithium is the only critical mineral. Cobalt and REEs are equally vital.
2. Confused Point: Difference between Strategic Minerals and Critical Minerals.
3. Anchor: The Critical Minerals Mission 2030.
4. CA Hook: KABIL (Khanij Bidan India Ltd) investments in Argentina.
5. Mains Hinge: The shift from fossil fuel dependency to mineral dependency.

Core Concept

Critical minerals are substances essential for modern technology and economic security, where supply is vulnerable to disruption. For India, these are vital for the Green Energy transition (EV batteries, wind turbines) and defense equipment.

The strategy involves a transition from domestic exploration to international acquisitions (mining rights abroad) and developing urban mining (recycling). The focus is on reducing dependence on a single source, particularly China.

Key Facts

• Key Minerals: Lithium, Cobalt, Nickel, Rare Earth Elements (REE)
• Agency: Geological Survey of India (GSI)
• Vehicle: KABIL (Joint Venture)
• Target: Net Zero by 2070
• Risk: Concentrated geographical supply

Previous Year Questions

Statement Elimination Guide

• Correct: Critical minerals are defined based on both economic importance and supply risk.
• False: All critical minerals are found in abundance in India. (Incorrect. Most are imported).
• Trap: Stating that critical minerals are only used in electronics. (Incorrect. Used in defense and energy).